Attention

Attention Defining the phenomena that are related to human psychology is not an easy task; even though there are certain ways to define the existing psychological disorders, with most of their symptoms, as well as their consequences, some of the aspects of the disorder will still be left out.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The Basic Information in a Nutshell specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As Gregg and Deshler explain, â€Å"A major problem [†¦] involves the eligibility criteria used to operationalize disability definitions† (Gregg Deshler, 2011, 39). The above-mentioned is especially characteristic of such a phenomenon as ADHD, or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Robin and Barkley were two of the psychologists who managed to pinpoint the specifics of the ADHD: â€Å"Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is a heterogeneous disorder of unknown etiology.† This is the opening line of a major review of the literature medication for treating ADHD by one of the leading child psychiatry research teams in the country [†¦].To this line, we could easily add the phrase â€Å"and of highly changeable definition.† (Robin Barkley, 1998, 13) Therefore, to properly represent the specifics of the ADHD disorder and to define the phenomenon, one will have to incorporate several definitions. Once the disorder is described from several viewpoints, it will be represented in a more adequate way. To put it the way Gregg and Deshler did, â€Å"professional institutions should provide the specific definitions used to construct their documentation guidelines and eligibility criteria† (Gregg Deshler, 2011, 39). Therefore, as the authors claim, â€Å"no definitions [†¦] are included in the regulations for these statuses, unlike the definition of ‘specific learning disabilities’† (Gregg Deshler, 2011, 39). Howeve r, it would be a far stretch to claim that ADHD cannot be defined – the phenomenon still has a lot of characteristic symptoms. Moreover, it is also worth mentioning that not only children, but adults as well can have ADHD. In the case with adults, however, the definition of the disorder will be quite different from the one which is provided for a child ADHD. Speaking of a more or less traditional definition of ADHD, the one offered by Echeverri can be considered rather precise: â€Å"Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is a neurobiological condition involving behavior dysfunctions and cognitive distortions† (Echeverri, 2008). When it comes to defining neurological diseases, psychological disorders, or other health issues which influence the work of a human brain rather than any other part of body, finding the appropriate definition for the phenomenon in question is rather hard. Likewise, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder is quite hard to define.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since its symptoms have not been studied well enough yet and the factors of its development have not been fully discovered, it is not simple to define the disorder. One of the key problems, thus, is that the people who research the issue in question are not quite sure what they are exploring. Moreover, some of the researchers argue that ADHD, in fact, does not exist. With that in mind, one can see why ADHD does not have a full-fledged definition yet. ADHD is mostly known for affecting children; however, adults can also display the symptoms of ADHD, according to the existing evidence concerning the issue. Since the issue of child ADHD and the instances of ADHD symptoms among students have been strongly emphasized in the media quite recently, one might have thought that there is a relation between the age of a person and his/her age. According to the data provided by Buitelaar, Kan and Anderson, with a person getting older, the risks of his/her developing an ADHD syndrome decrease. As Buitelaar, Kan and Anderson explain, the peak of an ADHD threat in women appears at the age of 6; the same goes for men, while at the age of 18-20 for men and 16-18 for women, the threat of developing ADHD shrinks rapidly. Nevertheless, it is necessary to mention that adults can also develop ADHD, though not as rapidly as children do. Another essential detail about ADHD which is worth bringing up is the statistics on the ADHD records and the patients’ gender. In the given case, it is not as easy to figure out the relations between the two issues as in the previous one. As Buitelaar, Kan and Anderson explain, Although there is a general agreement that gender-related differences exist in comorbid conditions, these differences have been described in clusters: boys have been found to have more â€Å"externalizing† disorders, and girls have be en described as tending to have more â€Å"internalizing† disorders such as anxiety and depression. (Buitelaar, Kan Anderson, 2011, 18) Therefore, judging by the existing evidence, there is little to no correlation between the gender and the possibility of developing ADHD among adults. However, when considering the instances of children developing an ADHD syndrome, one will discover a completely different picture. As the research says, boys are subjected to the risks of developing an ADHD syndrome to a much higher degree than girls. Mostly explained by the specifics of boys’ psychological development, this is an inevitable scientific fact: In childhood, boys are three times as likely as girls to have A.D.H.D. Boys with the disorder tend to be more hyperactive and impulsive and are more likely to develop oppositional behavior, conduct problems and later delinquency than girls, though girls, too, can develop these problems.   (Barkley, 2011)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The Basic Information in a Nutshell specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the authors, the fact that boys are more subject to the ADHD syndrome can be explained by the specifics of upbringing and the emotional development, namely, the fact that boys are not encouraged to express their feelings in the open and, hence, are under much more strain than girls are. Therefore, when boys set their emotions loose, the consequences are much bigger and the boys’ hyperactivity level is much higher than the one of the girls. â€Å"With ADHD represent a more significant proportion of adults with ADHD than has been previously recognized. (Buitelaar, Kan Anderson, 2011, 18).Therefore, it can be considered that the chances of men developing ADHD are only slightly higher than the ones of women. As it has been stated above, the symptoms of ADHD have not been fully explor ed or described yet; there are only vague assumptions as for what a person with ADHD might behave like and in what way his/her behavior might differ from the rest of people. However, one can hardly demand more in the case when even doctors are not quite sure whether ADHD exists or it is another excuse for the lack of willingness to concentrate. Nevertheless, some of the specifics of behavioral problems which people with ADHD display have been described in a rather exhaustive manner, which gives another reason to reconsider these symptoms. However, in the given case, it is necessary to keep in mind that there is a child ADHD syndrome and an adult one. Since the two groups are on different levels of psychological development and have different emotional specifics, the symptoms of the ADHD development in each group are going to vary. To start with, as the research results say, the key symptoms of ADHD in adults are: Problems with becoming organized Inability to concentrate Family issu es Problems with relaxation Inability to find a way to start working on something Constantly being late on something Outbursts of rage Troubles with priorities (Tuckman, 2007). As for children, ADHD symptoms are quite similar. According to Everett and Everett, there are two key signs that a child is developing an ADHD syndrome: The child is hyperactive and cannot focus; The child is dreamy and cannot focus (Everett Everett, 2001). As it can be easily spotted, the two symptoms are quite opposite to each other; the child can be either too active or, on the contrary, lack activeness. However, in both cases, the inability to focus is represented. Therefore, the key symptom of ADHD is the inability to concentrate.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, when diving deeper into the specifics of ADHD development in children, one will see that there is more than just the inability to pay attention that children with ADHD suffer. As Everett Everett explain, the problem is even more complicated – children with ADHD often fail to understand, start and/or complete the task which they are offered, disregarding the task complexity. Therefore, it can be assumed that the problem goes beyond lacking focus; ADHD obviously decreases the students’ motivation, leaving them lacking any interest in the activities which they used to enjoy (Everett Everett, 2001). Therein lies the difficulty of the problem – incorporating the biological and the psychological issues, it needs a complex solution that will help defeat the disorder not solely on the neurological level, but also on the physiological one. Like any other disorder, ADHD can be explained from a biological point of view. Since there are several perspectives from which the given phenomenon can be explained, it is most reasonable to consider each. To start with, there is a neurological theory concerning where the ADHD syndrome comes from and what factors it is induced by. As Weiss, Trokenberg-Hentchmann and Weiss explain, â€Å"Neurological dysfunction or damage has always been considered an important determinant of ADHD† (Weiss, Trokenberg-Hentchmann Weiss, 2010, 28). Indeed, there are sufficient reasons to consider ADHD primarily a brain dysfunction, since people with ADHD display obvious differences from the rest of the people in their behavior and process of thinking. As it has been stated before, the key symptoms of an ADHD syndrome are memory malfunction and the inability to concentrate, which serve as strong indicators of something going wrong on a neurological level. However, calling ADHD a â€Å"minimal brain damage† (Weiss, Trokenberg-Hentchmann Weiss, 2010, 28) would also mean defining it from a strictly neurologica l point of view, since it is not only the brain, but also the nervous system that suffers. Therefore, apart from a neurological one, there must be another explanation of the ADHD phenomenon. Despite the fact that the phenomenon of ADHD is rather well-known and often researched, its true origins are still a mystery. As Weiss, Trokenberg-Hentchmann and Weiss claim, there is a reason why the neurological theory of ADHD is so popular among most doctors: Many of these theories are used to support treatments that are profitable to providers, but costly to patients in terms of both delaying effective treatment and of unnecessary dollars spent. More recently, researchers have tended to put more of their effort into investigating causes of ADHD that are supported by empirical data. (Weiss, Trokenberg-Hentchmann Weiss, 2010, 29) Therefore, there are reasons to search for some explanations of ADHD other than the neurological one. As Weiss, Trokenberg-Hentchmann and Weiss assert, the factors w hich enhance development of ADHD are much more diverse than most researchers used to think and involve not only neurological, but also social aspects and the aspects of genetics: â€Å"Our knowledge of ADHD has increased through study of genetics, neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, risk factors associated with pregnancy, and other environmental influences† (Weiss, Trokenberg-Hentchmann Weiss, 2010, 29).Hence, it can be considered that the factors inducing the development of ADHD are not only neurological, but also environmental. As it has been mentioned previously, not only children suffer from ADHD – adults are also disposed to developing the given psychological disorder. However, it is worth mentioning that, in case of an adult developing the symptoms of ADHD, the treatment methods are going to be considerably different from the ones which are usually offered for curing ADHD in children. As a rule, adults are usually prescribed with specific medicine, such as stimulants. If considering some of the most advanced strategies of curing ADHD, one will find out that MAO inhibitors are the most popular medicine for adults. Buitelaar, Kan and Anderson claim that there are several ways of pharmacological treatment acceptable for adults. One of the most common methods is prescribing the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. However, when it is necessary to cause an agonist effect in the patient, norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors, such as Buropropin, can be chosen for an efficient treatment (Buitelaar, Kan Anderson, 2011). In certain cases, however, combined therapy is used. Still, medicine alone will not help – it is only with efficient therapy that one will be able to return to one’s normal state. Speaking of the medicine which is typically prescribed for the children who were diagnosed with an ADHD disorder, one has to mention a comparatively recent scandal concerning Ritalin, its use and its actual effect on children. There are serious concerns that Ritalin is overprescribed and that, when overused, Ritalin can cause even more problems than ADHD disorder, making children more passive. The medicine could actually seem rather innocent and efficient – as a matter of fact, it does have a positive effect on the patients; however, it is still necessary to check whether the game is worth the candles and whether the positive effects of Ritalin are more numerous than the negative ones. If considering the properties of Ritalin as they are listed in the instruction for the medicine, one will not find anything suspicious about Ritalin at all. To paraphrase Palank, Ritalin, the medicine is best known for its ability to make the patients focus (Palank, 2000, 60). Enhancing people’s ability to pay attention and making their memory work in a proper way, Ritalin can be considered a rather decent medicine for curing ADHD. As Palank explains, there has been a record of positive effects of Ritalin: â€Å"The me dication Ritalin is known to enhance a person’s ability to focus† (Palank, 2000, 60). As Palank explains, Ritalin â€Å"is helpful for many people with this disorder† (Palank, 2000, 60). It seems that Ritalin has stood the test of time, which means that doctors have the right to make Ritalin a number one medicine for ADHD. However, what seemed to be an obvious solution might actually turn out another misconception. As Palank confesses, â€Å"There is no evidence that this medication will enhance concentration or focus in individuals without ADD who have normal chemistries† (Palank, 2000, 60). Hence, the question concerning how exactly Ritalin makes the children with ADHD return back to their normal state remains open. Geographically, one can hardly draw any pattern of ADHD development – it seems that the disease cannot be referred to specific regions and affects children and adults disregarding their nationality. It is rather the environment that ma tters for developing ADHD symptoms. Therefore, UAE should not have any outstanding records on the number of ADHD instances in the state. However, checking on the statistics of the ADHD instances will help understand the way the UAE handle the problem of ADHD among children and adults. According to the results of the 2011 research conducted by Khamis, Results indicated that 12.5 % of the children had ADHD symptomatology, and that the prevalence ratio varied across the three ADHD subtypes, with the following rates; 1.5 % for the combined type, 7.5 % for the inattentive type, and 3.5 % for the hyperactive-impulsive type. (Khamis, 2011, 28) Judging by the statistical data offered above, the rates of ADHD among the UAE children are quite high. Therefore, it can be considered that the given type of disorder is rather common in the United Arab Emirates. Determining the key causes of ADHD among the UAE children, Khamis suggested that the family background must be the key factor: â€Å"Rese arch in the Arab world [†¦] has recently indicated that family environment and parental style of influence may be a key cause of ADHD† (Khamis, 2011, 29). Therefore, it can be considered that for UAE, ADHD is quite a topical issue. Reference List Barkley, Dr. (2011, February 11). Men, women and ADHD. The New York Times.  Retrieved from https://consults.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/11/men-women-and-a-d-h-d/ Buitelaar, J. K., Kan, C. C., Anderson, P. (2011). ADHD in adults:  characterization, diagnosis, and treatment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Echeverri, L. E. V. (2008). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Web. Everett, C. A., Everett, S. V. (2001). Family therapy for ADHD: Treating children,  adolescents and adults. New York, NY: The Guilford Press. Gregg, N. Deshler, D. D. (2011). Adolescents and adults with learning disabilities  and ADHD:  Assessment and accommodation. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Khamis, V. (2011). Attention-def icit and hyperactivity among school-age United Arab Emirates children. International Journal of Special Education, 26(3), 28-35. Palank, E. (2000). The god doc: Health, humor and insight to improve your game.  Toronto, CA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Robin, A. L. Barkley, R. A. (1998). ADHD in adolescents:  Diagnosis and  treatment. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Tuckman, A. (2007). Integrative treatment for adult ADHD:  A practical, easy-to-use  guide for clinicians. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications. Weiss, M., Trokenberg-Hentchmann, L., Weiss, G. (2010). ADHD in adulthood: A  guide to current theory, diagnosis, and treatment. Baltimore, MD: JHU Press.

Expectations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Expectations - Essay Example The California Department of Education is responsible for ensuring that schools adhere to these standards. The advantage of all schools in a state to adopt same standards is that when a student changes schools, they are still guaranteed good education due to the same standards in the state. Mathematics and Science are some of the most important subjects in the curriculum. These subjects though require students to have a higher level of concentration during the learning process, due to the nature of their concepts. Most schools therefore, put more emphasis on these so that students perform equally well in them, like in the other subjects. For this reason, the national council of teachers of mathematics (NCTM) has also set its standards and expectations of schools in their performance in Mathematics. The mathematics expectations and standard by NCTM applies to the levels of prekindergarten through grade 12. These expectations are specific to each grade basing on their curriculum. Howev er, generally, this body of mathematics teachers expects that as a student goes through all the grades up to grade 12, they should have mastered all the important concepts in mathematics. Fist, students should be good at numbers and operations. This includes number systems, relationship between numbers, meaning of operations, and computing. In algebra, students must understand patterns, relations, and functions. They should also be able to analyze situations in mathematics using algebraic symbols (â€Å"National Council of Teachers of Mathematics†). The geometry standard requires students to be able to analyze the properties of geometric shapes and their relationships. They should also be in a position to apply symmetry to different mathematical situations, and use visualizing and geometry in problem solving. In measurement, students must understand different measurements and apply them. For data analysis and probability, students must be able to develop questions that can be solved with data collection. In addition, they should be able to employ right statistical method in data analysis. Overall, NCTM expects that the mathematics learning process should impart problem-solving skills in students and help them identify reasoning and proof as an important aspect in mathematics. The mathematical process must also help students develop their communication, including mathematical thinking. Additionally, students must be able to apply mathematical principles outside of mathematics. Finally, the concept of representation should help students to create and interpret social, physical, and mathematical phenomena (â€Å"NCTM†). The National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) also has a set of standards and expectations of schools in the science subject. This expects the science program to impart problem-solving skills in students, to solve problems in today’s scientific world. Teachers must therefore, involve students in first-hand scientific experi ences and utilize mathematical and communication skills in the learning process. Teachers must use different teaching styles and allow class discussions without any form of discrimination. Use of hands-on experiments to enhance and develop skills in students, and participations in workshops and conferences for scientific knowledge gain must be practiced (â€Å"National Science Teachers Association†). The school administrators provide instructional leadership by enforcing the national standards of science,

Legal System of UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Legal System of UK - Essay Example By the sixteenth century the legal profession in the UK had branched into two categories. The first one was barristers and the other is collective of attorneys and solicitors. The local "common law" was formulated by a specialised legal society known as the Inns of Court, in London. It was in these inns that through lectures and apprenticeship individuals were admitted to practise before the royal courts. With the passage of time these practitioners became sergeants who were considered as the most distinguished among the advocates. These dignitaries were later on appointed as royal judges. The "attorneys," who were authorised by the legislation initially, shared the life of the Inns with the "apprentices" in advocacy, till they acquired the title of barrister. (Branches of the Legal Profession, http://www.pravo.hr/_download/repository/ LEGAL_PROFESSION_IN_ENGLAND_08web.ppt, viewed on 9th April, 2009) In its ultimate growth the English legal profession resembled the European professions, particularly the northern France, where the parliaments (courts) were considered as corporate, and apprentices were trained like that of the Inns. Growth of the law was mainly through precedents based on the judgments of the courts, rather than through legislation. In England, senior practicing professionals were appointed as judges. Apart from this, the partition between barristers and solicitors eventually became more rigid in England. Moreover, England never acquired the profession of notaries and thus the whole burden of transactional work was carried out by the present solicitors with legal advice from the bar. David H. Goodchild, in his work on History of the English Legal Profession in Paris 1850-2000 says, ".in 1880 the picture had changed quite considerably by which time as a result of the Judicature Act 1873 all attorneys at law and solicitors had been merged into one single profession of "solicitor" and those practising abroad were listed under the somewhat charming section entitled "Solicitors practising in foreign parts". (Page 1, http://72.14.235.132/searchq= cache:dhmu KhIOD2YJ:fbls.org/pages/FR/ publications/assets/articles/ English_legal_profession.pdf+History+of+UK+legal+profession&cd=15&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in, viewed on 9th April, 2009) Change in Status of the Law Professionals Even before the Judicature Act 1873 the status of the solicitors has undergone radical changes. They became the legal advisors of the wealthy feudal and businessmen. In the year 1804 they acquired the monopoly of conveyancing, and just before the end of the 19th century they started dealing with divorce and admiralty cases and obtained the rights of audience in County Courts. The progress they earned since then was tremendous, and at present over 97000 solicitors practise all over UK. Many of them are practising in private firms and governmental bodies as legal advisors doing advocacies, drafting legal documents etc. However, they cannot appear in every court, whereas the barristers are entitled to have appearance in courts. More than 11500 barristers are engaged in practice in England and Wales, now. Some of them are in employed practice. They only represent their employers. Other

Macroeconomic Position of Iceland as of 2006 Essay

Macroeconomic Position of Iceland as of 2006 - Essay Example This essay provides a thorough economic analysis of the economic developments in the Icelandic economy in the year of 2006. Ii is shown in the essay, that the national economy depended heavily on the fishing industry, which provided more than 60% of total export earnings and employs 12% of the work force. Iceland’s economy had been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade and new developments in software production, biotechnology, and financial services were taking place. The tourism sector was also expanding, with trends in eco-tourism such as whale watching, hiking, and nature tours growing steadily. As Iceland had focused on leveling its financial landscape and opening its markets, it had created an imbalance in the economy. The resulting volatility threatened a return to the previous days of economic overheating. The employment numbers were good, but any disruption of current output woull change that immediately. Inflation, driven by overheating real estate and investment markets, was growing. These issues had to be resolved immediately. Through prudent monetary policy, inflation could be tamed. By implementing wise fiscal policy, expenses and debt could be reduced. In terms of fiscal policy, Iceland needed to adjust its approach so that the monetary policy could be adequately supported without resorting to continued and severe hikes in the interest rate. Simply, this meant tightening its budget maintenance, reducing its debt, and enhancing the environment for investment

In Cases Of Juvenile Arrest, Rehabilitation, Not Punishment Should Be :: essays research papers

Why would our government try to hurt kids? Well, kids are being hurt right now. You see, in America punishment, rather than rehabilitation is being emphasized for juveniles who commit crimes. This way of thinking must stop with the addition of rehabilitation and prevention programs for juvenile offenders.States vary in their legal definition of a juvenile. In Illinois, for example, a juvenile is defined as any person below the age of 17. Using each states legal definition, the FBI reported that 62% of juveniles arrested in 1992 were referred to juvenile courts, 5% to a criminal or adult court, 2% to a welfare agency, and 1% to another police agency. The kids sent to adult prisons were eight times as likely to commit suicide. It has also been evident that those kids incarcerated with adults are also more likely to become repeat offenders. Legislation pending in congress now is debating several issues. Among them are weather to have children as young as 13 be prosecuted and sentenced as adults for certain crimes, give prosecutors the discretion to transfer a juvenile to an adult court in certain crimes, and allow juveniles to have incidental contact and in some cases be housed with adults.I take an opposing point of view with that of congress. If a 13 year old is imprisoned, how can he become a functional member of society upon his release? How will he create a positive lifestyle for himself? The real question is: How can he turn in any direction other than that of crime? He simple will not be able to. If a child is sent to a prison to stay in a cell for hours at a time, the only life he will know is the life he came from, not the life that could be his. Also, a prosecutor shouldn't have the privilege to decide what court a kid is placed in. A prosecutor has a built in bias; the decision should be left to a judge who would look in the best interest of the convicted person. The statistics prove that housing children with adults can only have a disastrous outcome for the juvenile. The goal of juvenile detention should be to rehabilitate and develop the individual. Appropriate educational skills need to be taught. Children need to be put in touch with their feeling through counseling. Juvenile offenders need to be exposed to role models from within their community and without.

Creating Positive School Experiences for Teens with Disabilities

All men are created equally. Having disabilities does not constitute having different rights. But this is not usually the case. In the article entitled, Creating Positive School Experiences for Teens with Disabilities, the experiences in school of students with disabilities is tackled and what positive actions could and should be done in order to provide these teens the rightful treatment they deserve. The theme of the article is to emphasize the importance of equality and unity despite the differences in capabilities. It is an article that should be highly considered by students with disabilities, teachers and school counselors involved in programs for the well-being of all students, and other students who have direct encounter with fellow schoolmates that have disabilities. Students with disabilities often face discrimination and challenges because of the biasness people have towards them. As a result, they could easily internalize negative attitudes, affecting their behavior towards other people. The article educates people, especially teachers and counselors, to help by creating programs that would encourage people to help in providing a positive environment for students with disabilities to participate in. The article does not state that special treatments are what students with disabilities need. What is more important is that they are given equal chances and the right amount of respect they deserve. Bullying and other forms of negative biasness should be eradicated from the school system in order for the disabled students to grow well in a fair and just community. The article agrees with the Scripture as it highlights giving equal opportunities and respect for all people, no matter what background they may have. The ministry should also help encourage school administrators to intervene and promote positive school experiences for the disabled. Programs that emphasize on respect, equality, and understanding should dominate the school rules.

An Overview of Burlesque Literature With Examples

Burlesque literature is a form of satire. It is often and perhaps best described as â€Å"an incongruous imitation.†Ã‚   The purpose of burlesque literature is to imitate the manner or the subject matter of a â€Å"serious† literary genre, author, or work through a comic inversion.   Imitations of manner might include the form or the style, whereas imitation of matter is meant to satirize the subject being explored in a particular work or genre.    Elements of Burlesque While a burlesque piece may aim to poke fun at a particular work, genre, or subject, it is most often the case that burlesque will be a satire of all of these elements. What is important to consider about this mode of literature is that the point of the burlesque is to create an incongruity, a ridiculous disparity, between the manner of the work and the matter of it. While â€Å"travesty,† â€Å"parody,† and â€Å"burlesque† are terms that are often used interchangeably, it is perhaps better to consider travesty and parody as types of burlesque, with burlesque being the generic term for the larger mode. That being said, it is also important to note that a burlesque piece may employ a number of techniques which fall into the larger category; it is not necessarily the case that all burlesque literature will share all of the same features. High And Low Burlesque There are two primary types of burlesque, the â€Å"High Burlesque† and the â€Å"Low Burlesque.†Ã‚   Within each of these types, there are further divisions. These sub-divisions are based on whether the burlesque satirizes a genre or literary type, or, instead, a specific work or author. Let’s take a closer look at these types. High Burlesque occurs when the form and style of the piece are dignified and â€Å"high,† or â€Å"serious† while the subject matter is trivial or â€Å"low.†Ã‚   The types of high burlesque include the â€Å"mock epic† or â€Å"mock-heroic† poem, as well as the parody. A mock epic is itself a type of parody.   It imitates the generally complicated and elaborate form of the epic poem, and it also imitates that genre’s rather formalized style. In so doing, however, it applies this â€Å"high† form and style to rather ordinary or insignificant topics. A significant example of a mock epic is Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock (1714), which is elegant and elaborate in style, but which, on its surface, has only a lady’s curl as its subject. A parody, similarly, will imitate one or many of a variety of characteristics of a piece of high, or serious, literature.   It might mock the style of a certain author or the features of an entire literary genre. Its focus might also be an individual work.   The point is to employ those same features and characteristics, at a high or serious level, and exaggerate it while simultaneously employing a low, comic, or otherwise inappropriate subject. Parody has been the most popular form of burlesque since the early 1800s.   Some of the best examples include Jane Austen’s Northanger Abbey (1818) and A.S. Byatt’s Possession: A Romance (1990).   Parody predates these, however, appearing in such works as Joseph Andrews (1742) by Henry Fielding, and â€Å"The Splendid Shilling† (1705) by John Phillips. Low Burlesque occurs when the style and manner of a work are low or undignified but, in contrast, the subject matter is distinguished or high in status. The types of low burlesque include the Travesty and the Hudibrastic poem. A travesty will mock a â€Å"lofty† or serious work by treating the high subject in a grotesque and undignified manner and (or) style.   One classic example of a modern travesty is the film Young Frankenstein, which mocks   Mary Shelley’s original novel, (1818). The Hudibrastic poem is so-named for Samuel Butler’s Hubidras (1663).   Butler turns the  chivalric romance on its head, inverting the dignified style of that genre in order to present a hero whose travels were mundane and often humiliating. The Hudibrastic poem might also employ colloquialisms and other examples low style, such as the doggerel verse, in place of traditionally high style elements. The Lampoon In addition to High and Low Burlesque, which include parody and travesty, another example of the burlesque is the lampoon.   Some short, satirical works are considered lampoons, but one might also find the lampoon as a passage or insert into a longer work.   Its goal is to make ridiculous, often via caricature, a particular person, usually by describing the nature and appearance of the individual in an absurd way. Other Notable Burlesque Works The Comedies of AristophanesTale of Sir Thopas (1387) by Geoffrey Chaucer Morgante (1483) by Luigi Pulci The Virgile Travesty (1648-53) by Paul Scarron The Rehearsal (1671) by George Villier Beggars Opera (1728) by John Gay Chrononhotonthologos (1734) by Henry Carey