Companies & Securities Law - General law - Relevant Laws

Question: Inform the executives with respect to Chaser Ltd whether they have penetrated their chiefs obligations underboth the Corporations Act 2001(Cth) and general law. Additionally Explain Duties of Directors under Corporations Act 2001, General law, Relevant Laws, Consequences and Conclusion in above case? Answer: Primary realities of the case There are four chiefs of Chaser ltd. The organization is in the matter of wine packaging. Rivalry has expanded in this field so they are wanting to go into another business. Antony, one of the chief met with his old companion during the excursion to be specific Wayne. He was the executive of Westpool Pty Ltd. This organization was in the matter of creating flowing vitality. Antony believed that this business was productive and wished to extend Chaser Ltd into this business. For this he welcomed Wayne to disclose the venture to different executives. Chiefs were persuaded and venture was endorsed for by them. They contributed $20 million. After speculation they came to realize that creation of flowing vitality requires regular conditions which were missing in the Great Barrier Reef. The task fizzled. Antony was the significant investor of Westpool Ltd Examination and Judgements Segment 180 Care and Diligence common commitment in particular This is one of the obligations of the chief. An executive is required to lead the undertakings of the business in steady way. The person in question should direct the business as though all the advantages of the organization have a place with that person. He should utilize the rights to the greatest advantage of the organization and ought to comply with all the obligations. The choice in regards to the undertaking ought to be taken in compliance with common decency. There ought to be no material enthusiasm for the any proposition offered by the chiefs. In the event that there is in this way, at that point it ought to be passed on to all the executives before the gathering. Any carelessness of such obligations will held the executives at risk for common discipline under area 1317E Area 181 Good Faithcivil commitment According to this area an executive should utilize their capacity and satisfy their obligations in wellbeing and in compliance with common decency of the organization. The target for which the benefit ought to be used ought to be in light of a legitimate concern for the organization. If there should arise an occurrence of infringement of such rights the executive will be at risk for common punishment Area 190 Responsibility for activities of representative An executive can designate an individual to help him in playing out their obligations. He can assign certain errands and the obligation regarding finishing such undertakings to the agent yet the general obligation of finishing the obligation is on the chief just however on the off chance that if the executive has followed up on great confidence and is held guiltless with respect to the work designated by him to the representative, he can maintain a strategic distance from punishment Present Case Here we can see that the Antony had an individual enthusiasm for Westpool Pty Ltd as he was a significant investor of this organization. He didn't reveal the reality while acquainting Wayne with all the chiefs. Further Wayne some place realized that that Australia is anything but an ideal area for flowing vitality business. So it was a malevolent endeavor to dupe the organization. In the event that if this reality was known to Antony than he is likewise obligated for carelessness in playing out his obligations. The other executive ought to have done a practicality investigation. They ought not have depended on the hypothetical realities expressed by Wayne in the introduction. Wayne has a decent persuading power yet the chiefs ought to be sufficiently commonsense. They ought to have explored the issue top to bottom End This case has certain attributes of the case Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Fortescue Metals Group Ltd (FMG). We can infer that Wayne has deceived the organization and has tricked the chiefs so he is at risk to reimburse $20 million and repay the organization for the misfortune endured during the undertaking. In the event that in the event that it is discovered that Antony had known the reality from the earliest starting point that the venture was not doable at that point even he is at risk for common punishment under area 1371E. The other three chiefs have not acted in a bonafide way so even they are considered liable for carelessness of their obligation. Consequently all the executives alongside Wayne are required to remunerate the organization. Obligations of executives Fundamental obligations of executives (Expected by ASIC and Shareholders) Obligation not to do any demonstration that lead to indebtedness: This is clarified in detail later Obligation to keep up and protect books of records: Recoding an exchange is a legal prerequisite. The chief needs to guarantee that the organization satisfies this prerequisite and keep up state-of-the-art books of records. Around 18000 chiefs were accounted for to for offense by ASIC It is the obligation of the executive to stop wiped out exchanging under segment 588G of Corporation Act References Ward Consolidated Acts, (ND), Corporation Act 2001-Sect 180, saw on 27th January 2015available at, https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s180.html Ward Consolidated Acts, (ND), Corporation Act 2001-Sect 181, saw on 27th January 2015available at, https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s181.html Province Consolidated Acts, (ND), Corporation Act 2001-Sect 190, saw on 27th January 2015available at, https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s190.html Province Consolidated Acts, (ND), Corporation Act 2001-Sect 188, saw on 27th January 2015available at, https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s188.html Bartier Perry, 2011, Business Judgment Rule - Recent exercises for all Company Directors seen on 27th January 2015available at, https://www.bartier.com.au/distributions/publicationDetail.aspx?PublicationID=264

Albuquerque vs. Isleta Pueblo Water Case free essay sample

A great part of the arsenic being conveyed to the Pueblo through the Rio Grande originate from the groundwater going through the Jemez Volcanic Field included more arsenic. In 2002, the Isleta Pueblo corrected its water quality measures. The Tribe’s new water quality guidelines were as of late affirmed by the EPA, and have been set into law. The City didn't need to go through tremendous entireties of cash to redesign its framework. In any case, a couple of glitches stay in the framework. What and how is (are) the code of ethic damaged by individuals included (engineers, the board, nearby position, government) in this case?Albuquerque sewage treatment plant meets all appropriate Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines remembering the standard for arsenic focus for the waterway. Any people groups or district who need utilizing waterway water for drinking must treat the water first. Albuquerque has abused the code of ethic in view of their sewage treatment plant carry the issue to the people groups. We will compose a custom paper test on Albuquerque versus Isleta Pueblo Water Case or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Under National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) code of morals and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AICHE) likewise express that architects will hold the vital the wellbeing, wellbeing, and government assistance of he open and secure the earth in execution of their expert obligations. In spite of the fact that they have their privilege as indicated by the government law, they really should secure nature and solid of the individuals first. They realize that the Pueblo utilized water legitimately from Rio Grande River for drinking during strict services and furthermore has been utilized by the people groups that live close to the stream. What direction may (at least one) of the designing society codes of morals give in taking care of or keeping the occasion from occurring? The contentions of Albuquerque vs.Isleta Pueblo are about clash intervention, and to the dissemination of water. Customarily, the Pueblo utilized water straightforwardly from the waterway for drinking during strict services. The pueblo is on the banks of the Rio Grande, downstream from Albuquerque metropolitan region, which contains around 650,000 people groups. In 1992, the Isleta Pueblo, south of Albuquerque, New Mexico, turned into the principal inborn element to be affirmed to make its own wat er quality gauges. The tribe’s reception of new water quality measures in 1992 was a pain for the Albuquerque and its treatment facility.To satisfy with the Pueblo’s arsenic standard could cost the city an extra $300million in plant updates. For this situation, one of the most significant issues has been natural security and the ascent of the ecological development. Specialists are mindful in part of production of the innovation and furthermore attempting to discover answers for the issues brought about by present day innovation. Nature development has prompted an expanded mindfulness among engineers that have duty to utilize their insight and abilities to help secure the environment.According to American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), engineers will think about ecological effect in the exhibition of their expert obligations. Specialists must fret about the effect of their arrangements and plans on the earth. At the point when the effect is a reasonable danger to wellbeing or security open then the rules for this key Canon return to Canon 1 where architects will hold foremost the security, wellbeing, and government assistance of open in the exhibition of their expert obligations. Proficient codes of morals instruct us to consider reasonable improvement in the presentation of their expert duties.Engineer will consider advancement that addresses the issues of the present without trading off the capacity of people in the future to address their own issues. At the point when the effect of the exchange off between monetary, natural and social issues shapes an away from to wellbeing or security of general society, at that point the rules from this Canon return to those of Canon 1. Utilize moral speculations, (utilitarianism, obligation and right ethic, and additionally virtual ethic) figured out how to break down the case. Consider every conceivable component that are affected for the situation I. e humankind, condition and society. The diverse of standard quality water between the City of Albuquerque and Isleta Pueblo is the serious issue for this situation study. The pueblo is on the banks of the Rio Grande, which they have generally utilized for drinking, water system, strict services and all other day by day utilized. The Isleta Pueblo truly worried about the grouping of arsenic in the stream water. Already, the Albuquerque meets all the details that Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) needs before the sewage treatment plant discharged the water into the Rio Grande.However, Isleta Pueblo didn't fulfill with the quality water that released by Albuquerque on the grounds that the clans accepted that the water can utilized straightforwardly from the stream. Along these lines, Isleta Pueblo needs the standard of arsenic become twice and severe as the EPA guidelines license. Because of this issue, utilitarianism is the most reasonable moral hypothesis. The Isleta Pueblo worried about the wellbeing impacts causes by arsenic. During the strict services, the clans straightforwardly utilized the water from stream for drinking. Aside from that, what we can see here is about obligation morals.

Cultural Perspectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Perspectives - Essay Example Non-white populaces are dependent upon more terrible charges, less early discharges, higher conviction rates, and harsher sentences all through the framework. Protected revisions have taboo such regulation of separation among whites and non-whites, yet variations despite everything exist in numerous social zones. About 20% of individuals in jail or prison or waiting on the post trial process for brutal violations have a psychological sickness, yet just about 13% of the all out remedial workforce is suitably prepared instructors, clinicians, clinical staff, clerics, or social specialists. Hence, there is an absence of fitting such administrations in amendments, an inadequacy which will proceed inasmuch as there are inconsistent methods for assessing clinical adequacy. Besides, the absence of such administrations in the network everywhere puts individuals at more serious hazard for practices that ask the investigation of the legal framework. In view of the significance of social mindfulness, the examination prescribes certain open strategy changes to address these issues. Not exclusively do The Eight and Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution the lawfully ensure certain arrangements for individuals in authority or occupied with fair treatment yet additionally there is a moral basic to give vital clinical consideration to imprisoned individuals.

Database Implementation Computer (IT) Term Paper - 275 Words

Database Implementation: Computer (IT) Term Paper (Term Paper Sample) Content: Database ImplementationNameInstitutionsExecutive MemoDATE: 14/7/2017To: To the CIO and the Board of Directors.From: Data Base ConsultantSubject: Implementation of DatabaseBusiness runs on databases. Those repositories of organized data can keep virtually each sort of information possible, and they protect that facts and supply it to you with a click on of a mouse. Enterprise databases help business owners put together and track their customers (Rigaux, 2011), inventory, and employees and as a result of the need for typical development. The purpose of this memo is to provide the CIO and the board of directors on how they are capable of putting into effect a database and inform them on its associated benefits in the company.You don't bypass a long way to find out how important database protection is. For example, intention remains to reel from their systems being hacked, exposing the credit score card data of masses of their customers. Its the type of damage that calls for some time, money, and assets for harm manipulate, as well as the aftermath of breaking the agreement with inside the corporation and diverting property towards ensuring it doesnt manifest again.Making sure the protection of your enterprise companys statistics is crucial, or even some of the most prestigious organizations can display themselves to hackers exploiting security flaws. The information on your organizations databases is critical, so it stands to motive that database safety is genuinely too. The CIO and the board of directors can adapt to the following ways in enhancing their database.The maximum sophisticated systems in the global cant shield in competition to a bad password. There are the usual culprits 12345, ABCDE, a few thing else on the maximum guessed password list, but hackers have increasingly more latest tools at their disposal that makes many exceptional passwords more and more susceptible. Now, its no longer just making your password password that you have to fear about. It may be phrased in-and-of them. Packages exist that wager passwords that might be phrased inside the dictionary or commonly used phrases, so the ones are out (Rigaux and Voisard, 2011).Simply as crucial as the passwords are the encryption of your database. Encryption way changing your data to a format such that, had been it to be intercepted, might appear like a string of letters and numbers and now not the usage of a tangible which means. However, to the database software, all of it without problem converts to the records you need. However, it ties again into passwords. A Yahoo! Hack in 2012 exposed more than 400, 000 passwords in simple textual content to the internet at large (Welkom and Vosen, 2013). This supposed open get proper of access to emails and passwords, and the need for a whole lot of users who placed their religion in Yahoo! To alternate their passwords. Suitable right here, too, you dont want to be the company on the other prevent of that controvers y. Make sure that your database is encrypted with up to date encryption software (Welkom, 2013).A giant open database is an enormous public vulnerability (Vossen, 2013). Youll want to segment your facts to make certain that not certainly all and sundry sees everything. In many structures, numerous roles may be created inside the database. For instance, you could need to have clients, extraordinary users, administrators, and remarkable directors. Customers can access or enter available statistics, but no longer adjust statistics past what theyve installed, while a splendid purchase has PC permissions that permit wider get admission to facts without being capable of alternate the entirety.An administrator can work noticeably of these customers, altering the shape of the database or having access to more sensitive facts, on the same time as an extraordinary administrator can run the whole operation. For the top degrees, youll need to keep the quantity of humans with the one's clearance s flat, which include managers or department heads. This ensures that, should a password be uncovered at the internet web page, its now not devastating if its best a person with getting proper of access to primary records at the website online.Database breaches can be prevented via eye fixed constant at the database itself. Monitoring takes right of access to, and behaviors of database customers let you ensure that no weird behaviors are exhibited that could suggest a leak. Checking unique IP addresses can make certain that no person has an employee password who shouldnt. Keep in mind it like while you get a name from the commercial organization asking you to verify a transaction. Your address is in the big apple, but your card is being used in Calgary. Its a pink flag to financial institution safety, and the same detail needs to be a crimson flag to your organization.In the implementation of the database, as soon as all the requirements have been accrued and analyzed, the following step is to create a conceptual design for the database, the use of a high conceptual statistics version. This phase is referre...

Faclity Management in IKEA Company - 1424 Words

Preface I am Jikke, a first year IFM student. The subject for this first block is ‘what if facility management’. For this subject all First year IFM students have to write a report about a company. In the report I look at the internal and external developments of the company. The company I choose is IKEA. Executive summary The main purpose of this report is to analyze the IKEA Company. To do this the internal and external factors are going to be discussed, and analyzed using the DESTEP method and the 7s model. The DESTEP method is used to analyze the external environment of the company. With the DESTEP Method we look at Demographic, Economic, Social, Ecological and Political environment of the company. To analyze the internal environment of the company, the 7s model is used. The 7s model, like the DESTEP method, uses different aspects to analyze the internal environment of a company. The 7s models looks at Shared Values, Strategy, Structure, System, Style, Staff and skills. To draw a concluding, a SWOT analysis is used, Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and treads are listed. Companies use the SWOT analysis to improve and make necessary changes to the company. In this case, the SWOT analysis makes clear that the IKEA Company, produces low priced and creative goods. Chapter 1: Introduction To be successful, a company needs to have proper knowledge of the internal and external environment of the company. In this report, I am

The Background Of The Palette Studio - 1218 Words

The Palette Studio is an arising company that will provide aesthetic, functional, high quality and affordable fashion pieces to its clients. The company will offer wide array of products including bags, wallets, pouches, clothing and the like. Next year, The Palette Studio is scheduled to start their operations. The company was founded by Lovella Christia B. Lim and Franchesca Denise M. Marcelino. It is an online-based company located in Manila, Philippines. As the company innovates simple bags, different fashion accessories and clothing, this will give a step up into the fashion industry and open its doors to new opportunities for the company. The brand creates designs that will suit the market’s taste, particularly those whose ages are 17-25 years old. Set to be senior high school students, college students and young professionals as our target market. The Palette studio’s primary function is to distribute bags that would change and make the users’ lives easier, more comfortable and organized. As the brand operate, they aim to be known by their target audience. To achieve this common goal, the company will have collaborations with local businesses, fashion bloggers and online influencers. The company believes that with this strategy, their marketing focus will be more interested in their brand and the product they sell. As the year goes by, the fashion industry in our country, the Philippines, evolves. For the reason that many of newly established businesses are arisingShow MoreRelatedThe Spanish Renaissance Period : 16th Century Venetian Triumvirate : Titian, Veronese, And Tintoretto1157 Words   |  5 Pagesof international reputation. Like his mentor, Giorgione, put time and talent in creating a mysterious and influential painting, â€Å"Pastoral Concert, c. 1508-1510. 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Even on his early years Monet had an infatuation with light, in â€Å"Green Dress† Monet studies how the light reflects off the models green dress with a dark background, the darker back almost illuminates the light shining off the dress and made it easier for him to capture the radiance. Another one of Monet’s illuminating work was â€Å"The Woman in the Garden† the model is in a freshly cut green garden, the shadowingRead MoreImpressionism And Its Impression On Modern Art1181 Words   |  5 Pagesdoors rather than in a studio as had been the previous custom. This enabled them to observe nature more directly and to capture the fleeting characteristics of the moment, especially the momentary and transient aspects of sunlight. The goal of the earliest Impressionists was to render a sensory perception of a scene, allowing its viewers to use their judgment in deciphering what is actually before them. The Impressionists relaxed the boundary between subject and back ground so that the effect of an

Oliver Cromwell Hero or Villian free essay sample

Hero = good guy, who did good things, and made life better for all of us. Lots of people (including me) say this. Things we mention to prove it include: 1. He set up the New Model Army which won the Civil War.. 2. He defeated the Scots AND the Irish. 3. He got people to behead the king, and made Parliament the ruler of the kingdom he is sometimes called the daddy of democracy. Hows about that for a hero? 4. He abolished bear-baiting, and punished drunkenness. 5. He allowed Jews to return to start living in England (in this he was way ahead of his time). . He built up the British navy this was the start of Britannia rules the waves. 7. He captured Jamaica from the Spanish the beginning of the British Empire. 8. He was a good, decent family man, who enjoyed a joke and was kind to his children. Villain = bad guy, who did bad things, and made life worse for everybody. We will write a custom essay sample on Oliver Cromwell Hero or Villian or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some silly, mistaken people say this. This they mention are: 1. He signed the order that put Charles I to death (and some daft people think this was a bad thing) 2. He took power straight after the Civil War. He made himself Lord Protector and used army officers called Major Generals to rule the country (ie he turned Britain for a time into a military dictatorship) 3. He introduced laws to make people behave in a Christian way some people say he was a killjoy. 4. He put down a rebellion in ireland very cruelly (especially he allowed his soldiers to massacre the Irish soliders when he captured the towns of Drogheda and Wexford).

Should Tennagers Be Allowed to Get Birth Control free essay sample

This raises the question, should teenagers be allowed to receive birth control methods without their parents’ permission. The answer is teenage girls should not be allowed to receive birth control without parent consent. There are many reasons why birth control methods should not be available to teenagers without their parent’s knowledge. Among the reasons are because this encourages premarital sex, it hinders communication between parent and child, and it forces the child to make adult decisions about medication, and that can be harmful to the teen. Foremost, I believe it is appropriate to keep in mind that one is not granted the ability to vote until they reach the age of 18. Laws and procedures vary from state to state, even though most states do not have a law about receiving birth control methods. But the idea of teens making a decision to add medication into their daily lives is ridiculous, even more since the government has already determined that they are not ready to make an extremely important decision as far as voting. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Tennagers Be Allowed to Get Birth Control or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore allowing teens to obtain prescription birth control without parents’ knowledge interferes with the parent/child relationship. There are rules and regulations that require government funded hospitals to contact parents if their teenager would like to receive prescription birth control and sometimes this encourage sexual activity among teenagers. I feel that if teenagers under 16, need have to have their parents’ consent to have surgery and to receive medical treatment, birth control should not excluded. Birth control should also be of importance. I believe that parents should know what activities their teenagers are participating in; and since the government holds the parents responsible for our children. Being a parent I feel the parent should have in the situation. I feel that any great parent should care about the interest of their child wants to know whether their teenage daughter is going to the public clinic to get receive birth control; and any good parent would want to help their teenager make the right choices and good decisions on the matter, and to help the teenager from making bad choices without the parents’ consent. Certain states have laws against people who are under the age of sixteen, when it comes to them having sex. Health risks that are associated with prescribed birth control make it unethical to allow children to obtain these medicines without parent consent. Common side effects of early usage of birth control include nutrient deficiency, weight gain, mood changes, and depression (www. kidshealth. org). A prescribed birth control method also puts users at a higher risk of PMS, depression, migraines, and all kind of maladies (www. womenhealth. org) due to the risk of developing yeast problems. But without having the proper research, a teenager really has no way of knowing or understanding the health risks that comes with taking birth control methods. Therefore, it is important that parents’ know and be involved in their children’s life decisions. Even though their argument is that birth control reduces the number of teen pregnancies, prescribed birth control does not protect an individual from STD’s. If teenagers were able to obtain prescription birth control without prenatal consent, we may actually see a jump in STD’s among teens. Teenagers that are sexually active are a problem that has to be addressed. Curiosity arises in the minds of teenager every, they want to know what sex is all about. My religion which is Christianity, instructs us to wait until they are married to have begun to have sex. But not only in churches is abstinence being preached, but public schools is adding this to their curriculum, and teaching the teenagers about the greatness of keeping their virginity. Teenagers having sex before marriage is a growing issue among teenagers. Sex before marriage is the cause of teenage pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, and emotional distress. Sexually transmitted diseases show in a society of teenagers that are having premarital sex, because teenagers have so many different sex partners. Therefore, a result to teenagers having sex is the different disease which is becoming more common in the teenage population. Because, for this is that the teenagers don not know how to use the different birth control methods. Many teenagers believe that the pill or condoms stop the spread of AIDs, other diseases, and herpes so, the contraceptives do not prevent these diseases from spreading. Three million new cases of sexually transmitted diseases among teenagers are reported each year. (www. helpme. com) There are so many teens that feel that there is nothing wrong in having sex before marriage, but having sexual relations with numerous people from age 15 and 19 doubles the diseases that have been spreading to different people every time. Because teenagers are having more sexual relationships, it seems that it is being more accepted among the public, and this is causing even more teenagers to start in having sexual relationships. Many teens believed that they were pressured into having sex. But if the community has the strength to pressure teenagers into having sex, then society should be using education to help teach teenagers about how bad sex is before marriage. Teenagers that is engaging into sexual activities before marriage is a major cause of teenage pregnancy. Teenagers often believe that they cannot get pregnant, or being a parent cannot happen to them, but the teenage pregnancy rate is on the rise every year. Being careless is a great factoring in teenage pregnancy, whether it is the use of contraceptives, or choosing their sexual partner. Teenagers use the different methods of birth control wrong. Teenagers do not have the adult mentality to choose a partner they want to be with at their age, which causes them to make the wrong decisions about their partners, which cause them to make wrong decisions and here is an unwanted pregnancy. The majority of unwanted pregnancies occur because teenagers do not really do not see how easy it is to become pregnant, or how they should know how to use birth control methods correctly. A lot of teenagers feel that they love their significant other, and so they began plan for a baby but their focus is not to look at the financial obligations that follow. Sex before marriage can play a great role in a teenager’s emotional factor. Teenagers feel all kinds of, emotional loss after they engage into having sex before marriage. Some teenagers may not feel the emotions of having sex now, but as they get older, life begins to sink in. Rather the teenager experienced having an STD’s or an unplanned pregnancy, they began to regret and this causes the teen to feel bad about them and it causes depression. â€Å"In fact, a great number of teens, active in sexual relationships, and ninety percent actually regret their choices to have sex (www. helpme. com)†. Teenagers feel the shame when their relationship ends because, having sex before marriage is a great causes of depression among teenagers and the parents that feel they are responsible for their childish choices. Many teenagers claim, that abstinence is not cool and that being abstinent is impossible but I am here to tell you it only takes one word â€Å"NO†! They are economically dependent, and the teen moms are not able to spend time with their children. Whether the parents know that their child is pregnant this really affects the women emotionally and psychologically, her ability to continue going to school, and her finances are affected. Parents should be able to make sure they get all the love that their teenagers need. If the teenagers parents do not know are not aware, there is a problem that the parents and their teenage daughters bond will be messed up at a time when parental support is most important. Now in some cases, I feel that the teenager might not want to tell her parents that she needs birth control or that she is engaging into sexual activities, for example, if a teen has been abused by their parents maybe if they were to tell their parents they would feel threatened for their safety. This may be a circumstance which could get the law involved, it should not be taken advantage of to make it seem like the parents should be consulted over whether underage children should be able to receive birth control or not. For teenagers nearly around the ages of 16 to 18 the case for parental consent is clearly less convincing. There has to be a line drawn somewhere because society has these teenagers feeling they can do whatever they feel and it’s not right. I grew up in a very religious family, and of course my mother did not believe in having sex before marriage. That is why I feel that teenagers both boys and girls should not be able to receive any kind of birth control without their parents knowing. I feel that when a teenage should decide to worry about contraceptives parents should be notified. Too many things are going on in today’s society. And this just helps with the parent and child relationship because a parent and a child should have a bond that is unbreakable

Attention

Attention Defining the phenomena that are related to human psychology is not an easy task; even though there are certain ways to define the existing psychological disorders, with most of their symptoms, as well as their consequences, some of the aspects of the disorder will still be left out.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The Basic Information in a Nutshell specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As Gregg and Deshler explain, â€Å"A major problem [†¦] involves the eligibility criteria used to operationalize disability definitions† (Gregg Deshler, 2011, 39). The above-mentioned is especially characteristic of such a phenomenon as ADHD, or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Robin and Barkley were two of the psychologists who managed to pinpoint the specifics of the ADHD: â€Å"Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is a heterogeneous disorder of unknown etiology.† This is the opening line of a major review of the literature medication for treating ADHD by one of the leading child psychiatry research teams in the country [†¦].To this line, we could easily add the phrase â€Å"and of highly changeable definition.† (Robin Barkley, 1998, 13) Therefore, to properly represent the specifics of the ADHD disorder and to define the phenomenon, one will have to incorporate several definitions. Once the disorder is described from several viewpoints, it will be represented in a more adequate way. To put it the way Gregg and Deshler did, â€Å"professional institutions should provide the specific definitions used to construct their documentation guidelines and eligibility criteria† (Gregg Deshler, 2011, 39). Therefore, as the authors claim, â€Å"no definitions [†¦] are included in the regulations for these statuses, unlike the definition of ‘specific learning disabilities’† (Gregg Deshler, 2011, 39). Howeve r, it would be a far stretch to claim that ADHD cannot be defined – the phenomenon still has a lot of characteristic symptoms. Moreover, it is also worth mentioning that not only children, but adults as well can have ADHD. In the case with adults, however, the definition of the disorder will be quite different from the one which is provided for a child ADHD. Speaking of a more or less traditional definition of ADHD, the one offered by Echeverri can be considered rather precise: â€Å"Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is a neurobiological condition involving behavior dysfunctions and cognitive distortions† (Echeverri, 2008). When it comes to defining neurological diseases, psychological disorders, or other health issues which influence the work of a human brain rather than any other part of body, finding the appropriate definition for the phenomenon in question is rather hard. Likewise, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder is quite hard to define.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since its symptoms have not been studied well enough yet and the factors of its development have not been fully discovered, it is not simple to define the disorder. One of the key problems, thus, is that the people who research the issue in question are not quite sure what they are exploring. Moreover, some of the researchers argue that ADHD, in fact, does not exist. With that in mind, one can see why ADHD does not have a full-fledged definition yet. ADHD is mostly known for affecting children; however, adults can also display the symptoms of ADHD, according to the existing evidence concerning the issue. Since the issue of child ADHD and the instances of ADHD symptoms among students have been strongly emphasized in the media quite recently, one might have thought that there is a relation between the age of a person and his/her age. According to the data provided by Buitelaar, Kan and Anderson, with a person getting older, the risks of his/her developing an ADHD syndrome decrease. As Buitelaar, Kan and Anderson explain, the peak of an ADHD threat in women appears at the age of 6; the same goes for men, while at the age of 18-20 for men and 16-18 for women, the threat of developing ADHD shrinks rapidly. Nevertheless, it is necessary to mention that adults can also develop ADHD, though not as rapidly as children do. Another essential detail about ADHD which is worth bringing up is the statistics on the ADHD records and the patients’ gender. In the given case, it is not as easy to figure out the relations between the two issues as in the previous one. As Buitelaar, Kan and Anderson explain, Although there is a general agreement that gender-related differences exist in comorbid conditions, these differences have been described in clusters: boys have been found to have more â€Å"externalizing† disorders, and girls have be en described as tending to have more â€Å"internalizing† disorders such as anxiety and depression. (Buitelaar, Kan Anderson, 2011, 18) Therefore, judging by the existing evidence, there is little to no correlation between the gender and the possibility of developing ADHD among adults. However, when considering the instances of children developing an ADHD syndrome, one will discover a completely different picture. As the research says, boys are subjected to the risks of developing an ADHD syndrome to a much higher degree than girls. Mostly explained by the specifics of boys’ psychological development, this is an inevitable scientific fact: In childhood, boys are three times as likely as girls to have A.D.H.D. Boys with the disorder tend to be more hyperactive and impulsive and are more likely to develop oppositional behavior, conduct problems and later delinquency than girls, though girls, too, can develop these problems.   (Barkley, 2011)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The Basic Information in a Nutshell specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the authors, the fact that boys are more subject to the ADHD syndrome can be explained by the specifics of upbringing and the emotional development, namely, the fact that boys are not encouraged to express their feelings in the open and, hence, are under much more strain than girls are. Therefore, when boys set their emotions loose, the consequences are much bigger and the boys’ hyperactivity level is much higher than the one of the girls. â€Å"With ADHD represent a more significant proportion of adults with ADHD than has been previously recognized. (Buitelaar, Kan Anderson, 2011, 18).Therefore, it can be considered that the chances of men developing ADHD are only slightly higher than the ones of women. As it has been stated above, the symptoms of ADHD have not been fully explor ed or described yet; there are only vague assumptions as for what a person with ADHD might behave like and in what way his/her behavior might differ from the rest of people. However, one can hardly demand more in the case when even doctors are not quite sure whether ADHD exists or it is another excuse for the lack of willingness to concentrate. Nevertheless, some of the specifics of behavioral problems which people with ADHD display have been described in a rather exhaustive manner, which gives another reason to reconsider these symptoms. However, in the given case, it is necessary to keep in mind that there is a child ADHD syndrome and an adult one. Since the two groups are on different levels of psychological development and have different emotional specifics, the symptoms of the ADHD development in each group are going to vary. To start with, as the research results say, the key symptoms of ADHD in adults are: Problems with becoming organized Inability to concentrate Family issu es Problems with relaxation Inability to find a way to start working on something Constantly being late on something Outbursts of rage Troubles with priorities (Tuckman, 2007). As for children, ADHD symptoms are quite similar. According to Everett and Everett, there are two key signs that a child is developing an ADHD syndrome: The child is hyperactive and cannot focus; The child is dreamy and cannot focus (Everett Everett, 2001). As it can be easily spotted, the two symptoms are quite opposite to each other; the child can be either too active or, on the contrary, lack activeness. However, in both cases, the inability to focus is represented. Therefore, the key symptom of ADHD is the inability to concentrate.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, when diving deeper into the specifics of ADHD development in children, one will see that there is more than just the inability to pay attention that children with ADHD suffer. As Everett Everett explain, the problem is even more complicated – children with ADHD often fail to understand, start and/or complete the task which they are offered, disregarding the task complexity. Therefore, it can be assumed that the problem goes beyond lacking focus; ADHD obviously decreases the students’ motivation, leaving them lacking any interest in the activities which they used to enjoy (Everett Everett, 2001). Therein lies the difficulty of the problem – incorporating the biological and the psychological issues, it needs a complex solution that will help defeat the disorder not solely on the neurological level, but also on the physiological one. Like any other disorder, ADHD can be explained from a biological point of view. Since there are several perspectives from which the given phenomenon can be explained, it is most reasonable to consider each. To start with, there is a neurological theory concerning where the ADHD syndrome comes from and what factors it is induced by. As Weiss, Trokenberg-Hentchmann and Weiss explain, â€Å"Neurological dysfunction or damage has always been considered an important determinant of ADHD† (Weiss, Trokenberg-Hentchmann Weiss, 2010, 28). Indeed, there are sufficient reasons to consider ADHD primarily a brain dysfunction, since people with ADHD display obvious differences from the rest of the people in their behavior and process of thinking. As it has been stated before, the key symptoms of an ADHD syndrome are memory malfunction and the inability to concentrate, which serve as strong indicators of something going wrong on a neurological level. However, calling ADHD a â€Å"minimal brain damage† (Weiss, Trokenberg-Hentchmann Weiss, 2010, 28) would also mean defining it from a strictly neurologica l point of view, since it is not only the brain, but also the nervous system that suffers. Therefore, apart from a neurological one, there must be another explanation of the ADHD phenomenon. Despite the fact that the phenomenon of ADHD is rather well-known and often researched, its true origins are still a mystery. As Weiss, Trokenberg-Hentchmann and Weiss claim, there is a reason why the neurological theory of ADHD is so popular among most doctors: Many of these theories are used to support treatments that are profitable to providers, but costly to patients in terms of both delaying effective treatment and of unnecessary dollars spent. More recently, researchers have tended to put more of their effort into investigating causes of ADHD that are supported by empirical data. (Weiss, Trokenberg-Hentchmann Weiss, 2010, 29) Therefore, there are reasons to search for some explanations of ADHD other than the neurological one. As Weiss, Trokenberg-Hentchmann and Weiss assert, the factors w hich enhance development of ADHD are much more diverse than most researchers used to think and involve not only neurological, but also social aspects and the aspects of genetics: â€Å"Our knowledge of ADHD has increased through study of genetics, neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, risk factors associated with pregnancy, and other environmental influences† (Weiss, Trokenberg-Hentchmann Weiss, 2010, 29).Hence, it can be considered that the factors inducing the development of ADHD are not only neurological, but also environmental. As it has been mentioned previously, not only children suffer from ADHD – adults are also disposed to developing the given psychological disorder. However, it is worth mentioning that, in case of an adult developing the symptoms of ADHD, the treatment methods are going to be considerably different from the ones which are usually offered for curing ADHD in children. As a rule, adults are usually prescribed with specific medicine, such as stimulants. If considering some of the most advanced strategies of curing ADHD, one will find out that MAO inhibitors are the most popular medicine for adults. Buitelaar, Kan and Anderson claim that there are several ways of pharmacological treatment acceptable for adults. One of the most common methods is prescribing the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. However, when it is necessary to cause an agonist effect in the patient, norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors, such as Buropropin, can be chosen for an efficient treatment (Buitelaar, Kan Anderson, 2011). In certain cases, however, combined therapy is used. Still, medicine alone will not help – it is only with efficient therapy that one will be able to return to one’s normal state. Speaking of the medicine which is typically prescribed for the children who were diagnosed with an ADHD disorder, one has to mention a comparatively recent scandal concerning Ritalin, its use and its actual effect on children. There are serious concerns that Ritalin is overprescribed and that, when overused, Ritalin can cause even more problems than ADHD disorder, making children more passive. The medicine could actually seem rather innocent and efficient – as a matter of fact, it does have a positive effect on the patients; however, it is still necessary to check whether the game is worth the candles and whether the positive effects of Ritalin are more numerous than the negative ones. If considering the properties of Ritalin as they are listed in the instruction for the medicine, one will not find anything suspicious about Ritalin at all. To paraphrase Palank, Ritalin, the medicine is best known for its ability to make the patients focus (Palank, 2000, 60). Enhancing people’s ability to pay attention and making their memory work in a proper way, Ritalin can be considered a rather decent medicine for curing ADHD. As Palank explains, there has been a record of positive effects of Ritalin: â€Å"The me dication Ritalin is known to enhance a person’s ability to focus† (Palank, 2000, 60). As Palank explains, Ritalin â€Å"is helpful for many people with this disorder† (Palank, 2000, 60). It seems that Ritalin has stood the test of time, which means that doctors have the right to make Ritalin a number one medicine for ADHD. However, what seemed to be an obvious solution might actually turn out another misconception. As Palank confesses, â€Å"There is no evidence that this medication will enhance concentration or focus in individuals without ADD who have normal chemistries† (Palank, 2000, 60). Hence, the question concerning how exactly Ritalin makes the children with ADHD return back to their normal state remains open. Geographically, one can hardly draw any pattern of ADHD development – it seems that the disease cannot be referred to specific regions and affects children and adults disregarding their nationality. It is rather the environment that ma tters for developing ADHD symptoms. Therefore, UAE should not have any outstanding records on the number of ADHD instances in the state. However, checking on the statistics of the ADHD instances will help understand the way the UAE handle the problem of ADHD among children and adults. According to the results of the 2011 research conducted by Khamis, Results indicated that 12.5 % of the children had ADHD symptomatology, and that the prevalence ratio varied across the three ADHD subtypes, with the following rates; 1.5 % for the combined type, 7.5 % for the inattentive type, and 3.5 % for the hyperactive-impulsive type. (Khamis, 2011, 28) Judging by the statistical data offered above, the rates of ADHD among the UAE children are quite high. Therefore, it can be considered that the given type of disorder is rather common in the United Arab Emirates. Determining the key causes of ADHD among the UAE children, Khamis suggested that the family background must be the key factor: â€Å"Rese arch in the Arab world [†¦] has recently indicated that family environment and parental style of influence may be a key cause of ADHD† (Khamis, 2011, 29). Therefore, it can be considered that for UAE, ADHD is quite a topical issue. Reference List Barkley, Dr. (2011, February 11). Men, women and ADHD. The New York Times.  Retrieved from https://consults.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/11/men-women-and-a-d-h-d/ Buitelaar, J. K., Kan, C. C., Anderson, P. (2011). ADHD in adults:  characterization, diagnosis, and treatment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Echeverri, L. E. V. (2008). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Web. Everett, C. A., Everett, S. V. (2001). Family therapy for ADHD: Treating children,  adolescents and adults. New York, NY: The Guilford Press. Gregg, N. Deshler, D. D. (2011). Adolescents and adults with learning disabilities  and ADHD:  Assessment and accommodation. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Khamis, V. (2011). Attention-def icit and hyperactivity among school-age United Arab Emirates children. International Journal of Special Education, 26(3), 28-35. Palank, E. (2000). The god doc: Health, humor and insight to improve your game.  Toronto, CA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Robin, A. L. Barkley, R. A. (1998). ADHD in adolescents:  Diagnosis and  treatment. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Tuckman, A. (2007). Integrative treatment for adult ADHD:  A practical, easy-to-use  guide for clinicians. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications. Weiss, M., Trokenberg-Hentchmann, L., Weiss, G. (2010). ADHD in adulthood: A  guide to current theory, diagnosis, and treatment. Baltimore, MD: JHU Press.

Expectations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Expectations - Essay Example The California Department of Education is responsible for ensuring that schools adhere to these standards. The advantage of all schools in a state to adopt same standards is that when a student changes schools, they are still guaranteed good education due to the same standards in the state. Mathematics and Science are some of the most important subjects in the curriculum. These subjects though require students to have a higher level of concentration during the learning process, due to the nature of their concepts. Most schools therefore, put more emphasis on these so that students perform equally well in them, like in the other subjects. For this reason, the national council of teachers of mathematics (NCTM) has also set its standards and expectations of schools in their performance in Mathematics. The mathematics expectations and standard by NCTM applies to the levels of prekindergarten through grade 12. These expectations are specific to each grade basing on their curriculum. Howev er, generally, this body of mathematics teachers expects that as a student goes through all the grades up to grade 12, they should have mastered all the important concepts in mathematics. Fist, students should be good at numbers and operations. This includes number systems, relationship between numbers, meaning of operations, and computing. In algebra, students must understand patterns, relations, and functions. They should also be able to analyze situations in mathematics using algebraic symbols (â€Å"National Council of Teachers of Mathematics†). The geometry standard requires students to be able to analyze the properties of geometric shapes and their relationships. They should also be in a position to apply symmetry to different mathematical situations, and use visualizing and geometry in problem solving. In measurement, students must understand different measurements and apply them. For data analysis and probability, students must be able to develop questions that can be solved with data collection. In addition, they should be able to employ right statistical method in data analysis. Overall, NCTM expects that the mathematics learning process should impart problem-solving skills in students and help them identify reasoning and proof as an important aspect in mathematics. The mathematical process must also help students develop their communication, including mathematical thinking. Additionally, students must be able to apply mathematical principles outside of mathematics. Finally, the concept of representation should help students to create and interpret social, physical, and mathematical phenomena (â€Å"NCTM†). The National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) also has a set of standards and expectations of schools in the science subject. This expects the science program to impart problem-solving skills in students, to solve problems in today’s scientific world. Teachers must therefore, involve students in first-hand scientific experi ences and utilize mathematical and communication skills in the learning process. Teachers must use different teaching styles and allow class discussions without any form of discrimination. Use of hands-on experiments to enhance and develop skills in students, and participations in workshops and conferences for scientific knowledge gain must be practiced (â€Å"National Science Teachers Association†). The school administrators provide instructional leadership by enforcing the national standards of science,

Legal System of UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Legal System of UK - Essay Example By the sixteenth century the legal profession in the UK had branched into two categories. The first one was barristers and the other is collective of attorneys and solicitors. The local "common law" was formulated by a specialised legal society known as the Inns of Court, in London. It was in these inns that through lectures and apprenticeship individuals were admitted to practise before the royal courts. With the passage of time these practitioners became sergeants who were considered as the most distinguished among the advocates. These dignitaries were later on appointed as royal judges. The "attorneys," who were authorised by the legislation initially, shared the life of the Inns with the "apprentices" in advocacy, till they acquired the title of barrister. (Branches of the Legal Profession, http://www.pravo.hr/_download/repository/ LEGAL_PROFESSION_IN_ENGLAND_08web.ppt, viewed on 9th April, 2009) In its ultimate growth the English legal profession resembled the European professions, particularly the northern France, where the parliaments (courts) were considered as corporate, and apprentices were trained like that of the Inns. Growth of the law was mainly through precedents based on the judgments of the courts, rather than through legislation. In England, senior practicing professionals were appointed as judges. Apart from this, the partition between barristers and solicitors eventually became more rigid in England. Moreover, England never acquired the profession of notaries and thus the whole burden of transactional work was carried out by the present solicitors with legal advice from the bar. David H. Goodchild, in his work on History of the English Legal Profession in Paris 1850-2000 says, ".in 1880 the picture had changed quite considerably by which time as a result of the Judicature Act 1873 all attorneys at law and solicitors had been merged into one single profession of "solicitor" and those practising abroad were listed under the somewhat charming section entitled "Solicitors practising in foreign parts". (Page 1, http://72.14.235.132/searchq= cache:dhmu KhIOD2YJ:fbls.org/pages/FR/ publications/assets/articles/ English_legal_profession.pdf+History+of+UK+legal+profession&cd=15&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in, viewed on 9th April, 2009) Change in Status of the Law Professionals Even before the Judicature Act 1873 the status of the solicitors has undergone radical changes. They became the legal advisors of the wealthy feudal and businessmen. In the year 1804 they acquired the monopoly of conveyancing, and just before the end of the 19th century they started dealing with divorce and admiralty cases and obtained the rights of audience in County Courts. The progress they earned since then was tremendous, and at present over 97000 solicitors practise all over UK. Many of them are practising in private firms and governmental bodies as legal advisors doing advocacies, drafting legal documents etc. However, they cannot appear in every court, whereas the barristers are entitled to have appearance in courts. More than 11500 barristers are engaged in practice in England and Wales, now. Some of them are in employed practice. They only represent their employers. Other

Macroeconomic Position of Iceland as of 2006 Essay

Macroeconomic Position of Iceland as of 2006 - Essay Example This essay provides a thorough economic analysis of the economic developments in the Icelandic economy in the year of 2006. Ii is shown in the essay, that the national economy depended heavily on the fishing industry, which provided more than 60% of total export earnings and employs 12% of the work force. Iceland’s economy had been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade and new developments in software production, biotechnology, and financial services were taking place. The tourism sector was also expanding, with trends in eco-tourism such as whale watching, hiking, and nature tours growing steadily. As Iceland had focused on leveling its financial landscape and opening its markets, it had created an imbalance in the economy. The resulting volatility threatened a return to the previous days of economic overheating. The employment numbers were good, but any disruption of current output woull change that immediately. Inflation, driven by overheating real estate and investment markets, was growing. These issues had to be resolved immediately. Through prudent monetary policy, inflation could be tamed. By implementing wise fiscal policy, expenses and debt could be reduced. In terms of fiscal policy, Iceland needed to adjust its approach so that the monetary policy could be adequately supported without resorting to continued and severe hikes in the interest rate. Simply, this meant tightening its budget maintenance, reducing its debt, and enhancing the environment for investment

In Cases Of Juvenile Arrest, Rehabilitation, Not Punishment Should Be :: essays research papers

Why would our government try to hurt kids? Well, kids are being hurt right now. You see, in America punishment, rather than rehabilitation is being emphasized for juveniles who commit crimes. This way of thinking must stop with the addition of rehabilitation and prevention programs for juvenile offenders.States vary in their legal definition of a juvenile. In Illinois, for example, a juvenile is defined as any person below the age of 17. Using each states legal definition, the FBI reported that 62% of juveniles arrested in 1992 were referred to juvenile courts, 5% to a criminal or adult court, 2% to a welfare agency, and 1% to another police agency. The kids sent to adult prisons were eight times as likely to commit suicide. It has also been evident that those kids incarcerated with adults are also more likely to become repeat offenders. Legislation pending in congress now is debating several issues. Among them are weather to have children as young as 13 be prosecuted and sentenced as adults for certain crimes, give prosecutors the discretion to transfer a juvenile to an adult court in certain crimes, and allow juveniles to have incidental contact and in some cases be housed with adults.I take an opposing point of view with that of congress. If a 13 year old is imprisoned, how can he become a functional member of society upon his release? How will he create a positive lifestyle for himself? The real question is: How can he turn in any direction other than that of crime? He simple will not be able to. If a child is sent to a prison to stay in a cell for hours at a time, the only life he will know is the life he came from, not the life that could be his. Also, a prosecutor shouldn't have the privilege to decide what court a kid is placed in. A prosecutor has a built in bias; the decision should be left to a judge who would look in the best interest of the convicted person. The statistics prove that housing children with adults can only have a disastrous outcome for the juvenile. The goal of juvenile detention should be to rehabilitate and develop the individual. Appropriate educational skills need to be taught. Children need to be put in touch with their feeling through counseling. Juvenile offenders need to be exposed to role models from within their community and without.

Creating Positive School Experiences for Teens with Disabilities

All men are created equally. Having disabilities does not constitute having different rights. But this is not usually the case. In the article entitled, Creating Positive School Experiences for Teens with Disabilities, the experiences in school of students with disabilities is tackled and what positive actions could and should be done in order to provide these teens the rightful treatment they deserve. The theme of the article is to emphasize the importance of equality and unity despite the differences in capabilities. It is an article that should be highly considered by students with disabilities, teachers and school counselors involved in programs for the well-being of all students, and other students who have direct encounter with fellow schoolmates that have disabilities. Students with disabilities often face discrimination and challenges because of the biasness people have towards them. As a result, they could easily internalize negative attitudes, affecting their behavior towards other people. The article educates people, especially teachers and counselors, to help by creating programs that would encourage people to help in providing a positive environment for students with disabilities to participate in. The article does not state that special treatments are what students with disabilities need. What is more important is that they are given equal chances and the right amount of respect they deserve. Bullying and other forms of negative biasness should be eradicated from the school system in order for the disabled students to grow well in a fair and just community. The article agrees with the Scripture as it highlights giving equal opportunities and respect for all people, no matter what background they may have. The ministry should also help encourage school administrators to intervene and promote positive school experiences for the disabled. Programs that emphasize on respect, equality, and understanding should dominate the school rules.

An Overview of Burlesque Literature With Examples

Burlesque literature is a form of satire. It is often and perhaps best described as â€Å"an incongruous imitation.†Ã‚   The purpose of burlesque literature is to imitate the manner or the subject matter of a â€Å"serious† literary genre, author, or work through a comic inversion.   Imitations of manner might include the form or the style, whereas imitation of matter is meant to satirize the subject being explored in a particular work or genre.    Elements of Burlesque While a burlesque piece may aim to poke fun at a particular work, genre, or subject, it is most often the case that burlesque will be a satire of all of these elements. What is important to consider about this mode of literature is that the point of the burlesque is to create an incongruity, a ridiculous disparity, between the manner of the work and the matter of it. While â€Å"travesty,† â€Å"parody,† and â€Å"burlesque† are terms that are often used interchangeably, it is perhaps better to consider travesty and parody as types of burlesque, with burlesque being the generic term for the larger mode. That being said, it is also important to note that a burlesque piece may employ a number of techniques which fall into the larger category; it is not necessarily the case that all burlesque literature will share all of the same features. High And Low Burlesque There are two primary types of burlesque, the â€Å"High Burlesque† and the â€Å"Low Burlesque.†Ã‚   Within each of these types, there are further divisions. These sub-divisions are based on whether the burlesque satirizes a genre or literary type, or, instead, a specific work or author. Let’s take a closer look at these types. High Burlesque occurs when the form and style of the piece are dignified and â€Å"high,† or â€Å"serious† while the subject matter is trivial or â€Å"low.†Ã‚   The types of high burlesque include the â€Å"mock epic† or â€Å"mock-heroic† poem, as well as the parody. A mock epic is itself a type of parody.   It imitates the generally complicated and elaborate form of the epic poem, and it also imitates that genre’s rather formalized style. In so doing, however, it applies this â€Å"high† form and style to rather ordinary or insignificant topics. A significant example of a mock epic is Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock (1714), which is elegant and elaborate in style, but which, on its surface, has only a lady’s curl as its subject. A parody, similarly, will imitate one or many of a variety of characteristics of a piece of high, or serious, literature.   It might mock the style of a certain author or the features of an entire literary genre. Its focus might also be an individual work.   The point is to employ those same features and characteristics, at a high or serious level, and exaggerate it while simultaneously employing a low, comic, or otherwise inappropriate subject. Parody has been the most popular form of burlesque since the early 1800s.   Some of the best examples include Jane Austen’s Northanger Abbey (1818) and A.S. Byatt’s Possession: A Romance (1990).   Parody predates these, however, appearing in such works as Joseph Andrews (1742) by Henry Fielding, and â€Å"The Splendid Shilling† (1705) by John Phillips. Low Burlesque occurs when the style and manner of a work are low or undignified but, in contrast, the subject matter is distinguished or high in status. The types of low burlesque include the Travesty and the Hudibrastic poem. A travesty will mock a â€Å"lofty† or serious work by treating the high subject in a grotesque and undignified manner and (or) style.   One classic example of a modern travesty is the film Young Frankenstein, which mocks   Mary Shelley’s original novel, (1818). The Hudibrastic poem is so-named for Samuel Butler’s Hubidras (1663).   Butler turns the  chivalric romance on its head, inverting the dignified style of that genre in order to present a hero whose travels were mundane and often humiliating. The Hudibrastic poem might also employ colloquialisms and other examples low style, such as the doggerel verse, in place of traditionally high style elements. The Lampoon In addition to High and Low Burlesque, which include parody and travesty, another example of the burlesque is the lampoon.   Some short, satirical works are considered lampoons, but one might also find the lampoon as a passage or insert into a longer work.   Its goal is to make ridiculous, often via caricature, a particular person, usually by describing the nature and appearance of the individual in an absurd way. Other Notable Burlesque Works The Comedies of AristophanesTale of Sir Thopas (1387) by Geoffrey Chaucer Morgante (1483) by Luigi Pulci The Virgile Travesty (1648-53) by Paul Scarron The Rehearsal (1671) by George Villier Beggars Opera (1728) by John Gay Chrononhotonthologos (1734) by Henry Carey